His controversial views drew the attention of the U.S. government. When Hughes went on sabbatical to Europe in 1966, the FBI requested that U.S. State Department embassies keep tabs on his activities. After the request became public, the ensuing outrage prompted the FBI to abandon the practice of embassy surveillance.
A World War II veteran, Hughes served in the Office of Strategic Services and the Army. He also served as chief of European research for the U.S. State Department for two years after the war.
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Hughes is survived by his wife of 35 years, three children and five grandchildren.
"The man was a very elegant gentleman," Hoffmann said.
His memorial service will be held Nov. 12 in San Diego.